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REPORT 



ON THE 



PHRENOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION 



J. STANLEY GRIMES. 



J 

BY E. N. HORSFORD, 

Profeasor of Natural History and Mathematics in the Albany Female Academy 



ADOPTED BY THE ALBANY PHRENOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 
SEPTEMBER 3, 1840. 



ALBANY : 

PRINTED BY J. MUNSELL, 

1840. 



REPORT 



The committee to whom was referred the letter of 
Mr. Grimes, requesting an examination of his classifica- 
tion, £LS exhibited in his *'New System of Phrenology," 
and a comparison of it with the classification of Dr. 
Spurzheim, beg leave to submit the following 
Repoet : 

The importance of arranging the principles of a sci- 
ence in accordance with the laws of natural relationship, 
has been recognized from the days of the earliest philo- 
sophers to the present time. It has been acknowledged 
in astronomy, geology, and the other branches of natural 
science. The productions of the great men in these se- 
veral departments of investigation are the monuments of 
a desire to improve and perfect classification. A like 
feeling has been manifested by writers upon the powers 
of the mind. Succeeding generations, enlightened by 
discoveries, and quickened thereby to the perception of 
defects in previous systems, attempted improvements ; 
and the whole history of mental philosophy, from Pytha- 
goras to the commencement of the last century, is but 
little more than the record of changes in nomenclature 
and arrangement of the attributes of mind. 



4 REPORT. 

In order to the exhibition of a comprehensive view of 
this subject, it may be well to notice briefly the princi- 
pal systems that have heretofore attracted attention. 
They may be divided into, 

Those which consider the faculties with little or no 
regard to the relation existing between them and corpo- 
real organs ; and, 

Those which consider the faculties as depending for 
manifestation directly upon certain corporeal organs. 

I. A division of the mental faculties into two kinds, 
equivalent to Intellect and Inclination, appears in 
nearly all the systems, from the most ancient to the most 
recent. Pythagoras taught his pupils of the Rational 
and Irrational principles of the soul. Plato divided 
the soul into three parts, Intelligence, Passion and Ap- 
petite. The second and third belong to Inclination. 
According to Aristotle, the human soul has three facul- 
ties, the Nutritive, the Sensitive^ and the Rational ; 
and they are possessed to some extent by animals. The 
Rational part alone was believed by Pythagoras and 
Plato to be immortal : but it is not known whether Aris- 
totle regarded any part or faculty as destined to exist 
forever. There were, however, after the commencement 
of the Christian era, those who considered the human 
soul as an unit, purely spiritual and immortal : while all 
brutes were supposed to be guided by a mysterious and 
unfathomable Instinct, which could exist only during the 
organization of the body. In their writings, usually 
corresponding with Intellect and Inclination, we have 
Head and Heart, Understanding and Affections, Soul 
or Spirit, and Appetites or Lusts ; terms drawn from 



REPORT. 5 

the scriptures, and used to embrace the two classes of 
mental powers. 

Lord Bacon, who was the first to clear away the dark- 
ness that had long surro.unded the true principles of phi- 
losophical investigation, thought there were two minds in 
man : one of Sensibility and Voluntary Motion — ano- 
ther having the attributes of Memory, Imagination, 
&c. Des Cartes maintained the existence of four quali- 
ties or faculties of mind — Sensibility, Imagination, Un- 
derstanding and Will ; and he adopted the opinion of 
the fathers of the church, that animals are directed by 
an inexplicable instinct. Malebranche recognized two 
primary powers of mind — Understanding and Will ; 
under each of which inferior powers were treated. Un- 
derstanding embraced Perception, Memory, Judgment 
and Imagination ; and Will included Inclination, De- 
sire, Affections and Passions. Locke differed little in 
his arrangement from Malebranche. 

Reid and Brown, while they evidently considered the 
mind as a single general power, have admitted more of 
the primitive faculties than those who preceded them ; 
and the subdivisions in both have been made under si- 
milar heads. Reid divides them into Intellectual and 
Active ; Brown, into Intellectual states of the 
Mind, and Emotions. " The Intellectual states of 
the Mind are referrable," says Dr. Brown, " to two ge- 
neric susceptibilities or capacities ; those of simple sug- 
gestion, and those of relative suggestion.^^ Simple sug- 
gestion is the basis of conception, memory, imagination 
and hahit ; and corresponds with the phrenological per- 
ceptives. Relative suggestion is the basis of judg7ne7it 
reason and abstraction ; and corresponds with the phre- 



5 REPORT. 

nological reflectives. Emotions, he divides into Immedi* 
ATE, Retrospective and Prospective. The Immediate 
EMOTIONS are of wonder, beauty, sublimity, sympathy, 
&c. The Retrospective emotions are of anger, grati- 
tude, regret, gladness, and remorse. The Prospective 
emotions, which, according to Dr. Brown's analysis, in- 
clude several of the affective faculties of Spurzheim, are, 

1. Desire of our own continued existence, 

2. Desire of pleasure, 

3. Desire of action, 

4. Desire of society, 

5. Desire of knowledge, 

6. Desire of power, 

7. Desire of the affections of others, 

8. Desire of glory, 

9. Desire of the happiness of others, 
10. Desire of evil to others. 

Lord Karnes " distinctly refers to and describes, as 
original principles of thought and action, no less than 
twenty of the phrenological faculties ;"* and Smellie, 
who, at the suggestion of Lord Karnes, was induced to 
prepare the Philosophy of Natural History, has remarked 
among animals the manifestations of twenty-three of the 
primary powers of mind ; though neither of these phi- 
losophers attempted any further arrangement than a ge- 
neral reference to the classes of Intellectual Faculties 
and Instincts or Propensities. 

The philosophic schools of Germany and France, 
while they have established a source of ideas, which 
Locke did not admit, to wit. Reason, have made scarcely 

' History of Phrenology, by R. W. Haskins, of Buffalo, N. Y. 



REPORT. 7 

any progress in the determination of fundamental facul- 
ties. The following extract from the writings of Theo- 
dore Jouffroy, a French philosopher, and distinguished 
pupil of Cousin — the acknowledged head of metaphysical 
science in France — presents a synoptical view of the 
classification of the eclectic school. 

" In the actual state of human knowledge, the irredu- 
cible capacities of the human soul appear to me to be the 
following. First the 'personal faculty^ or the supreme 
power of taking possession of ourselves and of our capa- 
cities, and of controlling them : this faculty is known by 
the names of liberty or will, which designate it but 
imperfectly. Secondly, the 'primitive inclination of our 
nature, or that aggregate of instincts or tendencies which 
impel us towards certain ends and in certain directions, 
prior to all experience, and which at once suggest to 
reason the destiny of our being, and animate our activi- 
ty to pursue it. Thirdly, the locomotive faculty , or that 
energy by which we move the locomotive nerves, and 
produce all the voluntary bodily movements. Fourthly, 
the expressive faculty, or the power of representing by 
external signs that which takes place within us, and of 
thus holding communication with our fellow men. Fifth- 
ly, sensibility, or the capacity of being agreeably or dis- 
agreeably affected, by all external or internal causes, 
and of reacting in relation to them by movements of love 
or hatred, of desire or aversion, which are the principle 
of all passion. Sixthly, the intellectual faculties. This 
term comprises many distinct faculties, which can be 
enumerated and described only in a treatise on intelli- 
gence." 

In all the systems that have been noticed, it is not 



8 REPORT. 

difficult for the phrenologist to perceive, great imperfec- 
tion. The first division seems, in nearly all of them, to 
have been made upon the same principles : hut in the 
determination of the several faculties, and their ar- 
rangement under the two heads, very striking differen- 
ces are perceptible. Different modes and degrees of ac- 
tivity have been mistaken for primitive powers ; and 
mental operations which were supposed to originate in 
one faculty, are now known to depend upon the com- 
bined activity of several. Mr. Combe, in his essay upon 
the objections of metaphysicians, has very ingeniously 
shown that all their intellectual faculties, perception, 
conception, association, memory, imagination and ab- 
straction, are reducible to conception : and this supposed 
faculty he elsewhere proves to be but an attribute of the 
general intellect. 

The Instinct of animals has been resolved into its 
elements, and the chasm between man and the other 
creatures of creation narrowed to its proper limits. 

II. As Pythagoras was among the first to divide the 
mind into two parts, so was he also among the first to 
assign it a habitation in corporeal organs. He consi- 
dered the brain as the seat of the Rational^ and the 
heart of the Irrational principle. Aristotle believed the 
soul to exist in the heart. Others thought the Intellect^ 
or rational part located in the head, and the Passions in 
the viscera. Albertus Magnus, archbishop of Ratisbon, 
in the thirteenth century, convinced that so large an or- 
gan as the brain should have assigned to it more speei- 
fic functions, made it the residence of certain conceived 
powers of the mind. Commcm sense, he placed in the 



REPORT. 9 

forehead, or first ventricle of the train ; thought, or 
judgment, in the second ; and memory, or moving force, 
in the third. Pierre de Montagna, in the fifteenth cen- 
tury, published a work, in which was figured a head, re- 
presenting the site of common sense, imagination, thought 
or judgment, memory and reason. Lodovico Dolci, the 
century after, issued a work containing a similar deline- 
ation Des Cartes conjectured that the pineal gland 
was the seat of the mind. " Willis considered the cor- 
pora striata the seat of sensation and attention ; the me- 
dullary matter, of memory ; the corpus collosum, of re- 
fiection ; whilst the moving spirits emanated from the 
cerebellum." Charles Bonnet thought that each indi- 
vidual fibre was an organ of the mind. Different modifi- 
cations of the views already given, concerning the dispo- 
sition of the powers of the mind among the different por- 
tions of the brain, and other organs of the body, were, 
until the discovery of phrenology, treated with more or 
less attention by all learned men. 

To the student of nature, it does not appear strange, 
that these speculations rose and fell, — that they rivalled 
and supplanted each other, and that they all vanished 
before the blaze of that light which Gall concentrated 
upon them with such burning power. For they had 
been the creatures of almost pure fancy, unaided by 
careful observation and induction. The viscera were 
proved to have no connection with the passions ; and 
the fanciful system of Albertus Magnus, and all those of 
his followers, were seen to have no foundation in truth. 
Observation could contribute nothing to the support of 
Des Cartes or Willis ; and their speculations, with those 
of their predecessors, on the habitation of the mind and 



10 REPORT. 

powers, will soon be known only in the pages of his- 
tory. 

The actual discovery of twenty-six of the fundamen- 
tal faculties of the mind, and the organs through which 
they manifested themselves, was the first great step to- 
wards a proper classification. But the life of Dr. Gall was 
too short for the labor of founding and perfecting a sci- 
ence. Although he speaks of propensities, mechanical 
aptitudes, intellectual dispositions, and moral qualities ; 
yet, besides the record of his invaluable discoveries, he 
has left us little more than a simple arrangement of the 
powers. In this he seems to have been guided merely 
by the relative position of the organs, commencing at 
the base, and proceeding regularly to the top. Accord- 
ingly, Amativeness is placed first, and Firmness last ; 
while Cautiousness and Educability (Individuality and 
Eventuality of Spurzheim,) are associated together. Dr. 
Gall maintained that all the faculties have the same 
modes of action ; and that a separation of them into two 
orders, founded upon their different modes of action, 
could not be made. Dr. Spurzheim, however, guided 
by the accumulated opinions of philosophers who had 
gone before him, was enabled to recognize two distinct 
classes of powers ; and the two orders of Affective and 
Intellectual Faculties proposed by him, have received 
the sanction of the greater portion of the phrenological 
world. Dr. Spurzheim maintained that perception, me- 
mory, and imagination, are attributes of the Intellect, 
and that the affective faculties have sensation alone. 
These views were rejected by Gall. Dr Spurzheim di- 
vided the Affective Faculties into Propemities, or those 
internal impulses which invite to certain actions, and 



REPORT. 11 

Sentiments, which, besides inviting to certain actions^ 
are attended when active by a peculiar emotion. 

The Intellectual Faculties he subdivided into four ge- 
nera : the external senses ; the faculties which perceive 
existence and physical qualities ; those which perceive 
the relations of external objects; and the reflecting fa- 
culties. The following is Dr. Spurzheim's classifica- 
tion, as drawn out in Mr. Combe's last work. 

ORDER L— FEELINGS. 

Genus i. — Propensities. 

1. Amativeness, 6. Destructiveness, 

2. Philoprogenitiveness, * Alimentiveness, 

3. Concentrativeness, or t Love of life, 

Inhabitiveness, 7. Secretiveness, 

4. Adhesiveness, 8. Acquisitiveness, 

5. Combativeness, 9. Constructiveness. 

Genus ii. — Sentiments. 

I. Sentiments common to man with lower animals, 
10. Self esteem, 13. Cautiousness, 

II. Approbativeness, 

2. Sentiments 'proper to man. 

13. Benevolence, 18. Wonder, 

14. Veneration, 19. Ideality, 

15. Firmness, 20. Mirthfulness, 

16. Conscientiousness, 21. Imitation. 

17. Hope, 

ORDER IL— INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 
Genus i. — External Senses. 
Feeling, or touch, Hearing, 

Taste, Sight. 

Smell, 



12 REPORT. 

Geus II. — Intellectual Faculties, 
Which perceive existence a7id 'physical qualities. 

22. Individuality, 25. Weight, 

23. Form, 26. Coloring. 

24. Size, 

Genus hi. — Intellectual Faculties, 
Which perceive relatiom of external objects. 

27. Locality, 31. Time, 

28. Number, 32. Tune, 

29. Order, 33. Language. 

30. Eventuality, 

Genus iv. — Reflecting Faculties. 
34. Comparison, 35. Causality. 

In expressing an opinion upon the merits of this clas- 
sification, the committee feel deeply the responsibility 
of their situation. The work of a profoundly analytical 
mind is before them ; and with scarcely an alteration, it 
has received the sanction of the most distinguished ad- 
vocates of the science, in Britain, France, and America. 
It is the standard classification; it is one of the many 
monuments of a distinguished genius, and we are bound 
to revere it. The committee are also aware, that the 
ultimate functions of all the powers are not yet estab- 
lished, and that there is still a broad field for discovery. 
Nevertheless, the following quotations from Spurzheim 
and Combe, show not only their own consciousness of 
imperfections in this classification, but appear to point 
out to us the path we should pursue. "If," says Spurz- 
heim, "under any head of the nomenclature, there be a 
better name than I employ, * * * # j shall be 
glad to use it ; for I am always disposed to acknowledge 



REPORT. 13 

truth, and obey real improvement." " It appears im- 
possible," says Mr. Combe, " to arrive at a correct clas- 
sification until all the organs, and also the primitive fa- 
culty or ultimate function of each, shall be definitely 
ascertained, which is not at present the case. Till this 
end shall be accomplished, every interim arrangement 
will be in danger of being overturned by subsequent dis- 
coveries." 

From these remarks, the duty of pointing out defects, 
that in the very nature of things belong to progressive 
science, when necessary to the exhibition of improve- 
ment, becomes abundantly apparent. 

Dr. Spurzheim's first division into Intellectual and 
Affective Faculties, is the link by which phrenology is 
attached to the mental philosophy of the old school. 
His division of the affective faculties into propensities 
and sentiments, nearly corresponds with Brown's Pros- 
pective and Immediate Emotions. It is based upon a 
conceived difference in their attributes. " Propensities," 
Spurzheim remarks, "invite only to certain actions;" 
but sentiments are not limited to inclination alone; 
" they have an emotion of a peculiar kind superadded." 
After comparing the views of writers who have recog- 
nized this distinction with the actual manifestations of 
the affective powers, the committee are unable to be- 
lieve that grounds for this division exist. Each of these 
faculties has its own sphere of action, but some of the 
spheres are higher than others. Philoprogenitiveness 
has its nursery; Adhesiveness its limited circle of 
friends ; and Benevolence, the entire world. Alimen- 
tiveness impels attention to the wants of the nutritive 
system; Cautiousness induces general guardianship over 



14 REPORT. 

both the corporeal and mental constitutions ; and Hope 
excites to action under bright views of a cloudless fu- 
ture. When these powers are aroused by their appro- 
priate stimuli, their activity is attended in all by a feel- 
ing or an emotion, differing in the diffei-ent faculties as 
widely as the spheres in which they act. 

Now that, to Benevolence and the group of powers 
with which it is associated, this attribute should be ex- 
tended, while to Adhesiveness and the whole genus of 
animal propensities it is denied, is considered a position 
unfounded in nature. 

The subdivision into sentiments common to man and 
the lower animals and those proper to man, is very clear- 
ly defective. Spurzheim has given drawings showing 
that some dogs and horses have a developement of Be- 
nevolence ; and Gall remarked that lions were more full 
in the region of this organ than tigers. Imitation is ad- 
mitted by Spurzheim to be a faculty of some of the mon- 
key tribe ; and Mr. Combe remarks, that the organ is 
found in the brains of both parrots and monkeys. It 
has also been suggested, that the proverbial stubborn- 
ness of asses has its source in Firmness. These exam- 
ples show that the last division, though it may be con- 
venient, is not strictly philosophical. In the genus ani- 
mal propensities, Spurzheim has classed together pow- 
ers, at least as little associated as are the superior and 
inferior sentiments. Alimentiveness, a faculty related 
exclusively to the individual, is placed beside Amative- 
ness and Philoprogenitiveness, which are clearly related 
to the species. In the arrangement of the intellectual 
faculties, Language, one of the lowest organs, and one 
which, according to Bessieres, becomes fibrous immedi- 



REPORT. 15 

ately after Individuality and Form, is elevated to a place 
directly below the reflectives. 

Dr. Bessieres, a French phrenological author, denies 
that the external senses are intellectual faculties, and 
says " their essential nature is to transmit sensations, 
hut not to know; because it is not the senses that know, 
but the faculties which they employ, and of which they 
are the instruments." 

The committee do not wish to be understood as alto- 
gether approving the criticism of the French phrenolo- 
gist ; only as considering the ultimate functions of the 
organs of sense as worthy of further investigation. If 
from the impression upon the retina, and the sensation 
transmitted along the optic nerve to the brain. Indivi- 
duality perceives existence — Form perceives form — Size 
perceives extension, and Coloring perceives color ; there 
seems to be no function left to the optic apparatus, but 
that of a mere passage-way for ideas of physical objects 
from the external world to the brain. 

Dr. Andrew Carmichael, former president of the Dub- 
lin Phrenological Society, in his memoir of Spurzheim, 
gives the following outline of a classification. The or- 
gans at the side of the head are related to the subsist- 
ence and preservation of the individual. Those at the 
back of the head are all requisite to the perfection of the 
species and the formation of society. Those of the fore- 
head and coronal region are partly common to man and 
animals, and in part exclusively human. 

Dr. Bessieres has given a classification, in which he 
presents a division of the powers of the mind into three 
classes, related to the wants, sympathies and knowledge 
of man. The organs of the first class are situated upon 



16 REPORT. 

the side of the head ; those of the second, behind and 
on the top. He makes Imitation, Ideality and Mirthful- 
ness, intellectual yercejptives, and denies that Benevo- 
lence is manifested by any of the lower animals. Lan- 
guage, he places the very highest in the intellectual class. 

In the classification of Miss Miles, there are no or- 
ders or genera, it being merely a grouping of the pow- 
ers together for convenience in the examination of heads, 
without strict regard to their functional relations. 

Fowler and Kirkham's Phrenology contains a classi- 
fication based in part upon an analysis of several pow- 
ers,, which is not adopted by most phrenological authors. 
Constructiveness is considered a semi-intellectual senti- 
ment, and is ranked with Ideality and Imitation. 

Several of the objections which were made to the first 
great system are applicable to the others that have been 
mentioned; and against some, objections might be urg- 
ed, to which the classification of Spurzheim is not ex- 
posed. 

Mr. Grimes' classification, as presented in his "New 
System of Phrenology," retains Spurzheim's first divi- 
sion of the powers of the mind under the heads of Pro- 
pensities and Intellectual Faculties. The Propen- 
sities he divides into two classes, which he denominates 
Ipseal and Social. He denies the distinction between 
propensities and sentiments maintained hy Spurzheim. 
His classification follows : 

CLASS I. 
Ipseal or Self-Relative Propensities. 

CLASS IL 

Social, or Society-Relative Propensities. 



REPORT. 17 

CLASS III. 

Intellectual, or Knowledge-Kelative Faculties. 

CLASS L— IPSEALS. 

1. Corporeal Range. 

1. Pneumativeness, 3. Sanitativeness. 

2. Alimentiveness, 

2. Carnivorous Range. 

4. Destructiveness, 5. Combativeness. 

3. Herbivorous Range. 

6. Secretiveness, 7. Cautiousness.^ 

4. Rodentia Range. 

8. Constructiveness, 9. Acquisitiveness. 

5. Human Range. 

10. Playfulness, 12. Hopefulness. 

11. Perfectiveness, 

CLASS II.— SOCIALS. 
Establishing Group. 

1. Amativeness, 3. Inhabitiveness, 

2. Parentiveness, 4. Adhesiveness. 

Governing Group. 

5. Imperativeness, 7. Firmness, 

6. Approbativeness, 8. Conscientiousness. 

Conforming Group. 

9. Submissiveness, 11, Imitativeness, 
10. Kindness, 12. Credenciveness, 

CLASS IIL— INTELLECTUALS, 
Lower Range. 

1. Individuality, 5. Size, 

2. Chemicality, 6. Weight, 

3. Language, 7. Color, 

4. Form, 8. Order, 

9. Number, 
2*. 



18 REPORT. 

MroDLE Kange. 

10. Direction, 12. Time, 

11. Eventuality, 13. Tune. 

Upper Range. 
14. Comparison, 15. Causality. 

" This division into three classes, Ipseal, Social, and 
Intellectual, is founded," says the author, "upon the 
following considerations. 

" First. Anatomy points to three grand divisions. 
*' 1. The spinal cord- is in three columns, anterior, 
middle and posterior; and Mr. Charles Bell demonstrat- 
ed that all the nerves which proceed from one column 
are destined to perform one class of functions. The 
nerves from the anterior column are for volition ; those 
from the middle for respiration and nutrition ; and those 
from the posterior for sensation. 

"2. The medulla oblongata, Mr. Bell considered as a 
continuation of the same three columns of the spinal 
cord. It has three bodies, 

The pyramidal, in the anterior; 
The olivary, in the middle, and 
The restiform in the posterior column. 
" 3. The brain has always been divided into three 
lobes — anterior, middle and posterior — and the division 
may be found strongly marked in the brains of all the 
higher animals. Spurzheim found by dissection, that 
the fibres of the anterior pyramidal bodies of the oblong- 
ata, expanded into and constituted the anterior lobes of 
the brain. And he contended that the middle and pos- 
terior lobes originated in the other two parts of the ob- 
longata. 

*' 4. Each hemisphere has a great lateral ventricle, 



REPORT. 19 

and this ventricle presents an appearance which has 
been denominated tricornes, or three horns, anterior, 
middle and posterior." 

6. In a note which the committee have received from 
Mr. Grimes, it is said that Spurzheim considered the 
spinal cord as having three commissures, anterior, mid- 
dle and posterior. And also, that the functions of the 
body are subdivided by some physiologists into three 
classes. Broussais divides them into those that relate to 
the individual, those that relate to the species, and those 
that relate to the acquisition of knowledge. 

" Second. The natural history of animals is all in har- 
mony v*^ith this classification. 

" 1. The three powers, viz. Amativeness, Alimentive- 
ness and Individuality, which constitute the foundation 
of the three classes, are manifested by all animals. No 
animal, however low in the scale of beings, is destitute 
of these three. 

"2. The organs of these powers are found in the very 
base of the brain : 

Amativeness at the lowest posterior ; 
Alimentiveness at the lowest middle, and 
Individuality in the centre of the lowest front part 
of the brain. 
" 3. In the Social class, if we begin at Amativeness, we 
find it manifested by all animals. If we proceed up- 
ward and forward, according to the arrangement of the 
powers, until we arrive at Credenciveness,we shall trace 
the progress of society, from its very lowest stage, up 
through every grade of animals, to its highest perfection 
in the most polished circles of human society. 

In the Ipseal class, if we commence at Alimentive- 



20 REPORT. 

ness, we see it manifested by all animals ; and if we 
proceed upward, according to the arrangement of the 
powers, we find the first and second ranges of Ipseals 
manifested by the lowest classes of animals; the third 
range is manifested by the higher and more sagacious 
animals ; and the fourth range is fully manifested only 
in man, Und in his brain only is it found fully developed. 

" In the intellectual class, if we commence at Indivi- 
duality, we see it manifested by the very lowest animals; 
and if we proceed upwards, according to the arrange- 
ment of the powers, we shall perceive that the organs 
rise and expand out of each other, in a manner strictly 
agreeing with the progressive intelligence of animals ; 
Causality, the highest of this class, being manifested in 
a vigorous and efficient manner only by man, the very 
highest and most complicated of organized beings. 

" Third. 2. The Ipseal propensities produce those 
actions only which have for their object the nourishment, 
protection, improvement and happiness of the individual. 

" 2. The Social propensities originate those actions 
only, which have for their object, the production, the es- 
tablishment, and the government of society, and con* 
formity to its useful regulations. 

"3. The Intellectual faculties acquire knowledge, and 
point out the means by which the propensities may be 
gratified." 

The considerations which Mr. Grimes has pre- 
sented in support of his division of the cerebral organs 
into three classes are of three kinds : — Anatomical 
Structure, Natural History of Animals, and Analy- 
sis OF THE Mental Powers. Of these, the committee 
have been unable to perceive the value which Mr. 



REPORT. 21 

Grimes seems to attach to the anatoinical facts. As a class 
of truths, they harmonize with this classification, and 
may therefore be said to lend it some support ; but alone 
they must be regarded as far from contributing sufficient 
ground for this division. The occurrence of the fun- 
damental organs of each class at the base of the brain, 
and the regular gradation of the powers, from Amative- 
ness to Credenciveness, through the socials; from Ali- 
mentiveness to Hopefulness, through the Ipseals ; and 
from Individuality to Causality, through the Intellectu- 
als, corresponding with the succession of animals in the 
scale of beings, from the lowest orders up to man, are 
certainly in beautiful harmony with, and go to sustain 
the last and most important consideration upon which 
the classification rests. In the analysis, Mr. Grimes shows 
that all the powers of each class perform certain specific 
functions that have a generic character in common. All 
the powers of the Ipseal class are related to the individu- 
al, those of the Social class to society, and th-ose of the In- 
tellectual class to knowledge. He also shows that each 
of the powers of the several groups in each class have a 
sub-generic character in common. The first four sor 
cials, Amativeness, Parentiveness, Adhesiveness and 
Inhabitiveness, have for their object the continuation of 
the species and the establishment of society ; those cf 
the governing group. Imperativeness, Approbativeness, 
Firmness and Conscientiousness, have for their object 
the maintenance of government in society, and the ad- 
ministration of justice ; those of the conforming group, 
Submissiveness, Kindness, Imitativeness and Creden- 
civeness, have for their object the perfection of society, 
by "obedience to government, condescension and kind- 



22 REPORT. 

ness to all our associates, and conformity to their man- 
ners, habits and opinions." In the Ipseal class, he 
shows that the powers of the corporeal range are related 
to the nourishment and preservation of the body; that 
those of the carnivorous range are most strongly mani- 
fested in the animals that feed upon flesh, and procure 
it by the destruction of life ; that Cautiousness in the 
herbivorous range characterizes the peace-seeking, ru- 
minating animals;* that those of the rodentia range 
distinguish the whole order of animals to which the bea- 
ver and squirrel belong ; that those of the human range 
are fully developed only in man. He makes Play- 
fulness the link in the Ipseal chain, which connects 
man with the lower animals ; the other organs of this 
range being exclusively human. He shows that men 
who have a developement corresponding with that of 
animals belonging to either the carnivora, herbivora, or 
rodentia, are, so far as their Ipseal character is concern- 
ed, enstamped with the dispositions peculiar to the car- 
nivorous, herbivorous, or gnawing animals. The Intel- 
lectual class, with the exception of a division into ran- 
ges, he considers as a whole, and treats the organs in 
their order of succession, commencing at Individuality, 
and proceeding through the first and second ranges of 
perceptives to the reflectives. 

From this hasty view of the principal systems of ar- 
rangement among the powers of the mind which have 
hitherto received attention, the committee pass to the 
more direct comparison of the classification of Mr. 

* Secrctivcncss is thought by Mr. Grimes to distinguish the Herbivora. It 
is also manifested in a high degree by the Carnivora. The essential question, 
however, is whether the associated organs perform analogous functions. 



REPORT. 23 

Grimes with that of Dr. Spurzheim. In doing this, it 
may be well to notice some of the principles of classi- 
fication in nature, since correspondence with them can 
alone give perpetuity to any system, and since they con- 
stitute the only true standard of merit. Among those 
which, in phrenology, are obviously important, may be 
enumerated the following: 

I. Powers immediately related in functional character 
should be arranged in the same division. 

II. Powers not directly related, but differing in attri- 
butes, should be arranged in different divisions. 

III. The order of succession of the organs anatomi- 
cally considered, and the relationship of the powers ac- 
cording to metaphysical analysis, should harmonize with 
each other. 

If a classification is defective when viewed in the 
light of either of these principles, it is manifestly im- 
perfect ; and that classification against which, when 
tested by these principles, there are found fewest objec- 
tions, is the most perfect. 

In noticing Spurzheim's classification, it was observed 
that Language, manifestly low in the scale of percep- 
tives — inasmuch as it is possessed by almost every indi- 
vidual of the animal kingdom, and the organ of which 
is at the very base of the brain — is ranked next to the 
reflectives. It was also seen, that Alimentiveness, a 
propensity related wholly to the individual, is associated 
with Amativeness and Philoprogenitiveness, which are 
beyond question related to the species. He has placed 
in separate subdivisions, Adhesiveness, Approbativeness 
and Benevolence, making the first an animal propen- 
sity proper, the second an affective power common to 



24 REPORT. 

man and animals, and the last a power proper to man. 
While it is plain that Adhesiveness characterizes man, 
even in his higher walks, as much as animals, and more 
so than most, and that Approhativeness, though common 
to man and some animals, cannot be claimed to be 
possessed by all inferior creatures, it is equally plain, 
from facts adduced by Gall, Spurzheim and Combe, that 
Benevolence distinguishes several orders of lower ani- 
mals. This view leaves the alternative of regarding 
those instances where animals present a developement 
of the powers not in conformity with the classification, 
as exceptions to a general rule, or as considering the 
lines of distinction as improperly drawn. As no ar- 
rangement like the above is proposed by Mr. Grimes, 
none of the above objections apply with force to his clas- 
sification. 

Since the authors of the classifications before us draw 
the same line, and give it the same direction between 
the intellectual faculties and the affective faculties, or 
propensities, the further question of relative merit re- 
solves itself into the following inquiries. 

1. Is the distinction between sentiments and propen- 
sities maintained by Spurzheim, founded in nature ? 

2. If it be not founded in nature, are all the powers of 
the Jpseal class according to Grimes, related to the indi- 
vidual ; and are all the powers of the Social class relat- 
ed to society? 

1. Combe says in his remarks upon what distinguish 
sentiments from propensities, that "Acquisitiveness is 
a mere impulse to acquire; but Veneration gives a ten- 
dency to worship, accompanied with a particular emo- 
tion." Acquisitiveness is made the representative of 



REPORT. 25 

all the animal propensities, and Veneration of the moral 
sentiments ; and the argument based upon them is ap- 
plied to the two genera. 

It is true that the evidence here to be adduced is in 
consciousness, and therefore may perhaps be thought 
difficult to present ; but as the laws of the mind are im- 
mutable, and as the germ of every mental power is pos- 
sessed by every sound mind, it may be fairly presumed 
that testimony upon a point of such importance is not 
altogether shut out from view. Let there be taken 
Firmness from the moral sentiments, and Combativeness 
from the animal propensities. When the former is in 
action, the possessor feels an impulse to resist the influ- 
ence of others, and to maintain any position he may have 
assumed — a tendency to fixedness — and this feeling or 
impulse is called an emotion. When the latter is arous- 
ed, the possessor feels an impulse to oppose whatever 
may be in his pathw^ay. Now between the two, is there 
any difference beyond the particular charactex of the at- 
tribute ? Is there any thing amounting to a superad- 
dition ? If there be not, this distinction of Spurzheim 
ie without existence in nature. 

2. Are all the powers of the Ipseal class, according 
to Grimes, related to the individual, and those of the 
Social class to society ? In other language, it may be 
asked, could each power of the Ipseal class be brought 
into legitimate exercise, though the whole species be- 
sides the individual w^ere annihilated — and could any of 
the Social class be legitimately exercised without the 
[being of society ? 

A detailed reply to these interrogatories would involve 
[an analysis of all the powers of the two classes, a task 

3 



26 REPORT. 

whose execution it cannot be conceived could be brought 
within the limits of this report. 

That these two generic functions are respectively cha- 
racteristic of the two classes, it may be remarked, is 
not denied, since Carmichael and Besseires have ad- 
mitted its truth among the lower powers of the two 
classes, though they were unable to perceive its exten- 
sion through the whole. From a careful examination of 
the analyses, the ground of distinction between the two 
classes, and their limits seem to be well established. 
The subdivisions of the two classes appear among the 
obvious arrangements of nature. Of the Ipseals, the 
corporeal range has relation clearly to the demands of 
the physical system. So nearly allied in function are 
Combativeness and Destructiveness, that the language 
of their respective analyses almost seems to be applica- 
ble to a single power. No two, in many respects, ap- 
pear so nearly related as Secretiveness and Cautious- 
ness ; and the propriety of associating Acquisitiveness 
and Constructiveness is obvious, for the hoarding of pos- 
sessions demands a place of reception. The powers of 
the last range, according to Grimes' analyses, appear aill 
related to the improvement and the perfection of the in- 
dividual; they seem to point to higher and nobler 
spheres of action than any of the preceding ranges, and 
are therefore justly separated from the lower powers. 

Of the Socials, all the powers of the establishing 
group have for one, the distinguishing generic character 
expressed in the name under which they are arranged. 
This remark is equally true of the governing and con- 
forming groups. 

While the division of the powers into three classes. 



REPORT. 27 

and their subdivision into ranges and groups, may be 
considered important and useful, the distinguishing fea- 
ture, and that which to the committee constitutes the 
highest merit of the new classification, consists in this, 
that it traces the chain of functional relationship, from 
the lowest organ to the highest of each class. 

If Mr. Grimes' classification is founded in nature, the 
following are some of the advantages which may be ex- 
pected from its adoption. 

1. It -will facilitate the application of phrenological 
principles in deciding upon character from an examina- 
tion of the head. Upon noticing the predominance of 
one class of organs, it may be said of the individual thus 
marked, he is Ipseal, Social, or Intellectual ; or, upon 
observing two classes prevailing over the third, it may 

)e said, he is Ipseal and Intellectual, or Social and In- 
tellectual, or both Ipseal and Social. The same princi- 

le will be applicable in speaking of the developement 
of one group, or of two groups of the Socials, and also of 
the ranges of Ipseals and Intellectuals. The effects of 
a combined developement of particular groups in the dif- 
ferent classes will be more readilj/- understood. 

2. It will aid analysis, in ascertaining the ultimate 
function of each organ. Upon knovv' ing its position, and 
the relation it sustains to others — with what organ it 
would probably act, and whether in the centre of a class, 
or joined to organs of other classes, its manifestations 
will be more readily perceived, and more clearly com- 
prehended. 

3. It will aid in discovery, by directing the eyes of all 
phrenologists to limited regions of the brain, when in 
search for the seat of a faculty, in whose existence they 



28 REPORT. 

have been induced to believe. For example, if the seat 
of a supposed power related to corporeal wants be 
sought, the attention will be directed to developements 
and deficiencies in the corporeal range. If the function 
pf the organ occupying the region marked upon the bust 
of Mr. Combe as unknown, be the object of discovery, 
. severat aids will be aflbrded. It must, in the first place, 
be either Ipseal or Social; and in the second place, it 
must be either a Social of the conforming group, or an 
Ipseal of the human range. 

4. It will furnish phrenology with new claims to the 
character of an established science ; and by its simplici- 
ty and consistency,- will induce the student to pursue its 
investigation with the same kind of satisfaction that 
now attends his study of the older sciences. 

In contilusion, the committee state, that distrusting 
.their own abilities to discharge the duties assigned 
them, they" entered into correspondence upon the ques- 
tion to be determined with several phrenological writers. 
They have also examined all the published Vv^orks relat- 
ing to the subject which they could command. And 
with these materials before them, after weighing the 
whole matter, the result is the opinion, that the classifi- 
cation of Mr. Grimes is a decided improvement, as it ar- 
ranges the powers of the mind more nearly in accord- 
ance with the laws of natural relationship than any of 
the systems w^hich have preceded it. 

E. N. HOKSFORD, 

Chairman of Committee on 

Grimes' Classification, 



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